The orientation of metal-flake pigments, e.g. of aluminium, plays a major role in achieving optimum optical properties in the formulation of metallic coatings. Commercial metallic pigments have different shapes and different properties. Leafing pigments orient themselves in the wet film immediately at the surface. While such pigments create a very metallic appearance, they often have inferior wash- or scratch-resistance. Leafing pigments typically find application in aerosol coatings and inks. Non-leafing pigments spread out homogeneously through the film after application, this leading to better protection of the effect against chemical attack or scratching. This type of metal pigment creates unique effects, ...