Numerous general industrial and protective coatings markets would benefit from improved weatherability and corrosion resistance in single-layer direct-to-metal (DTM) coatings. Specifically, coatings markets such as agriculture, construction and earth moving equipment (ACE), railcar, heavy transportation, and protective infrastructure have an unmet need for more rugged DTM coatings to significantly reduce labour costs, lower coatings consumption, lessen environmental impact, and increase productivity. Many current DTM coatings fall short in terms of weathering performance or corrosion performance or both. The surfaces of freight railcars in the United States are prepared by shot-blasting, and approximately ...